1 Lily Tomlin

    2 Dixon Wecter, "How to Write History," in A Sense of History, American Heritage (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985). 38.

    3 Sanford H. Cobb. The Story of the Palatines. Facsimile Reprint. (Bowie, Md.:Heritage Books, 1988) 23-24.

    4 Will and Ariel Durant, The Age of Reason Begins, vol. 7 of the Story of Civilization (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961). 567-568.

    5 Donald L. Spidell. "The Times." The Great Palatine Migration>, <http://www.zekes.com/~dspidell/famresearch/palatine.html> ( 24 February 1999).

    6 Cobb, 6.

    7 Cobb, 36-37.

    8 Jacobean refers to the political movement to restore James II to the English throne.

    9 Cobb, 42.

    10 Cobb 36-37.

    11 Cobb, 40.

    12 Cobb, 41.

    13 Cobb, 40-42.

    14 Kraig W. Ruckel, "Palatine Emigrants," Palatine and Pennsylvania Dutch Genealogy, 1966, <http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/3955/palatine.htm> (14 August6 1999).

    15 Ruckel, 1.

    16 Cobb, 79.

    17 Cobb, 129.

    18 Cobb, 113.

    19 Much of this information comes from the autobiography of Conrad Weiser, one of the leaders of the New York Palatines. Sanford Cobb states that is the only source of the story.

    20 Cobb,

    21 Cobb, 282.

    22 Phil Bickel, <bickel@texramp.net> "Bickel Genealogy." 19 June 2001. Personal e-mail ( 19 June 2001).

    23 Lorine McGinnis Schulze. "Palatine History," The Olive Tree Genealogy. 1996, <http:www.Rootsweb.com/~ote/palatine.htm> ( 16 February 2000). 2-3.

    24 Spidell, 7-8.

    25 Spidell, 8.

    26 Edward F. Wright, Early Church Records of Lebanon County Pennsylvania (1934). 187.

    27 There are, of course, other possible explanations. The Johann Michael Braun on the ship's log could have been his father, with his father subsequently dying before appearing on any other records. See appendix V for further discussion.

    28 Brickerville is today in Elizabeth Township. It was originally a part of Warwick Township. Stoever had at least two other congregations in the area and collectively he referred to them as Warwick.

    29 There were two and possibly three Catarina Brauns in the Emanuel Lutheran Congregation, so it is possible for the baptismal sponsor for the Faber child to have been someone other than Michael's mother. Michael's sister was also Catarina, and there was a Martin Braun in the congregation who married Catarina Heusserin in 1739. I have assumed that the baptismal sponsor was a single woman; otherwise her husband would have been mentioned. It's possible that Michael's sister was the sponsor, she was a single woman in 1743, but it would have been more common for a baptismal sponsor to have been an older person.

    30 There is a Philip Karger, age 20, who arrived in America on the Lydia in 1741. Also a David Karger obtained a warrant for land in Lancaster County in 1737, but it is not known if either of these persons is related to Anna.

    31 See deed abstracts in appendix III.

    32 William Henry Egle, History of the Counties of Dauphin and Lebanon in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1883) 177.

    33 See Will of Michael Brown in appendix 1.

    34 John P. Hale. History of the Great Kanawha Valley. ( Gauley, WV: Gauley & New River Pub. Co., 1994) 24-25.

    35 Theodore E. Schmauk, Old Salem in Lebanon. Lebanon, Pa. 69-70.

    36 Rev. Frederick S. Weiser, The First Record Book of Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church at Killinger Dauphin County, Pennsylvania in the Lykens Valley 1770 - 1859. (1966) 4-6.

    37 See records from the Pennsylvania Archives in Appendix II.

    38 Jonathan M. Wert, Jr., Chronology of Events - History of Wirth's Evangelical Lutheran Church 1770-1815. 3.

    39 See Michael Brown's will in appendix I.

    40 Census records for Frederick's children in 1860 and beyond show that their father was born in Pennsylvania.

    41 See notes in appendix V for further discussion.

    42 Shenandoah County is just north of Rockingham. There was a Jacob Bickel family that lived in Shenandoah County starting in 1783. For a long time, I had believed that this was our ancestor, but eventually a land deed surfaced that was signed by Jacob and his wife Christina. This Jacob Bickel was very likely the Jacob Bickel that married Christina Schindler in Lebanon County (then Lancaster County), Pennsylvania in 1776.

    43 Catharine's nephew, Rev. James A. Brown, later became pastor of St. John's and once wrote that it was a tradition that the first person to be buried there was a maternal ancestor of the Browns. Anna Brown does not appear in the burial records of the church.

    44 This was spelled Castle on one of the Wythe County records. It is not known if he is the Henry Cassell born to Nicholas Cassell (Catharine's brother-in-law) and his first wife. Later records after the family moved to Preble County, Ohio all spell the name Castle.

    45 In 1796 they had sold their Augusta County land to this same George Surfus.

    46 On a WFT disc contributed by one of his descendants his year of birth is listed as 1771.

    47 Marriage records, Wythe County, Virginia.

    48 Florence Guttery, Records of the Chappells in England and the Chappells in Virginia , Tennessee , Alabama and Other States (Jasper, Ala.: Florence Guttery, 197?) 7-13.

    49 Phil E. Chappell, A Genealogical History of the Chappell, Dickie and other Kindred Families of Virginia. (Kansas City, Mo.: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company, 1900) 32-4.

    50 The Speedwell is a famous vessel. In 1620 it set sail for America with the Mayflower, only to spring a leak the first day out. It returned to port and the passengers were transferred to the Mayflower.

    51 There had been a Jonas Chappell living in Princess Anne County in the late 1690s. I considered him to be a leading candidate to be our ancestor, but a will eventually surfaced, which showed he had no descendants when he died in 1704. This could be the Jonah Chappell from Barbados, mentioned above. See the notes on the early Virginia Chappell ancestry in appendix V.

    52 See appendix V for further information on the early Chappell ancestry.

    53 See John Chappell's will in appendix I.

    54 Florence Kimberly Turner, Gateway to the New World A History of Princess Anne County , Virginia 1607-1824 (Easley, S.C.:Southern Historical Press, 1984) 191.

    55 Turner, 181-82.

    56 Turner, 182-88.

    57 Turner, 184.

    58 From British military records, "C" series, 1757-1899, located at the National Archives of Canada.

    59 Stephen's mother was also named Mary, so this could conceivably have been she.

    60 John Harvie Creecy, ed. Princess Anne County Loose Papers 1700-1789 ( Richmond, Va. The Dietz Press, Inc, 1954) 87.

    61 John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997) 202.

    62 Buchanan, 204.

    63 Buchanan, 204-5.

    64 Wilma Dykeman, With Fire and Sword ( Washington, DC: National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior) 28-29.

    65 Dykeman, 31-3.

    66 Dykeman, 33.

    67 Dykeman, 34.

    68 Dykeman, 37.

    69 Buchanan, 217-8.

    70 Dykeman, 42.

    71 There seems to have been more than one Peter Kinder at this time and in this part of the country, so it hasn't been conclusively proven that the Peter Kinder from Peter's Creek and the Peter Kinder from western Wythe County were the same person. After his parents died in the flood, there is one account that describes the young Peter as a runaway.

    72 e-mail from Linda Gaylord-Kuhn July 1, 1999. Dianah's birth date was calculated from the age inscribed on her tombstone, and it coincided with the birth date of Phoeby (also known as Phoebe).

    73 On the land documents her name is consistently spelled Julia Ann. On the church records she is Juliana.

    74 The surname is spelled Schapbel on the church records.

    75 A James Chappell family lived nearby in Surrey County when the Stephen Chappell family lived in Glade Valley.

    76 This was the way it was spelled in John Chappell's will, but Francis was a female.

    77 J. A. Caldwell, History of Belmont and Jefferson Counties , Ohio, (Wheeling, W.Va.: Historical Publishing Co., 1880) 34.

    78 The dates don't coincide exactly with the Seven Years War (1756-1763) in Europe. The French and Indian War effectively ended with the fall of Montreal in 1760. The war continued for three more years in Europe.

    79 Caldwell, 47-48.

    80 Caldwell, 49-51.